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<title>Retrocomputing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Retrocomputing</span></span>

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<p><b>Retrocomputing</b> is the current use of <a href="Vintage_computer" title="Vintage computer">older computer hardware</a> and <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a>. Retrocomputing is usually classed as a <a href="Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a> and recreation rather than a practical application of technology; enthusiasts often collect rare and valuable <a href="Electronic_hardware" title="Electronic hardware">hardware</a> and <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> for sentimental reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-catb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Occasionally, however, an obsolete computer system has to be "resurrected" to run software specific to that system, to access data stored on obsolete media, or to use a <a href="Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> that requires that system.

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<p>Retrocomputing and <a href="Retro_gaming" title="Retro gaming">retro gaming</a> has been described as <a href="Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">preservation</a> activity and as aspects of the <a href="Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">remix culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_retrocomputing">Hardware retrocomputing</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_systems">Historic systems</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Vintage_computer" title="Vintage computer">Vintage computer</a></div>

<p>Retrocomputing is part of the <a href="History_of_computer_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="History of computer hardware">history of computer hardware</a>. It can be seen as the analogue of <a href="Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">experimental archaeology</a> in computing.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable examples include the reconstruction of <a href="Babbage" class="mw-redirect" title="Babbage">Babbage</a>'s <a href="Difference_engine" title="Difference engine">Difference engine</a> (more than a century after its design) and the implementation of <a href="Plankalk%C3%BCl" title="Plankalkül">Plankalkül</a> in 2000 (more than half a century since its inception).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Homebrew"_computers">"Homebrew" computers</h3></div>

<p>Some retrocomputing enthusiasts also consider the "<a href="Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">homebrewing</a>" (designing and <a href="Homebuilt_computer" title="Homebuilt computer">building</a> of retro- and retro-styled computers or kits), to be an important aspect of the hobby, giving new enthusiasts an opportunity to experience more fully what the early years of hobby computing were like.<sup id="cite_ref-catb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several different approaches to this end. Some are exact replicas of older systems, and some are newer designs based on the principles of retrocomputing, while others combine the two, with old and new features in the same package. Examples include:

</p>

<ul><li>Device offered by <a href="IMSAI" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSAI">IMSAI</a>, a modern, updated, yet backward-compatible version and replica of the original <a href="IMSAI_8080" title="IMSAI 8080">IMSAI 8080</a>, one of the most popular early personal systems;</li>

<li>Several <a href="Apple_I" title="Apple I">Apple 1</a> replicas and kits have been sold in limited quantities in recent years, by different builders, such as the "<a href="Replica_1" title="Replica 1">Replica 1</a>", from Briel Computers;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>A project that used old technology in a new design is the <a href="Z80" class="mw-redirect" title="Z80">Z80</a>-based <a href="N8VEM" title="N8VEM">N8VEM</a>;</li>

<li>The <a href="Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> Retro Computer kit is an open source, open hardware kit you can build and has a BASIC interpreter.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a version of the Arduino Retro Computer that can be hooked up to a TV;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>There is at least one remake of the Commodore 64 using an <a href="Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a> configured to <a href="Emulator" title="Emulator">emulate</a> the 6502;<sup id="cite_ref-c1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>MSX 2/2+ compatible <a href="Do-it-yourself" class="mw-redirect" title="Do-it-yourself">do-it-yourself</a> kit <a href="GR8BIT" class="mw-redirect" title="GR8BIT">GR8BIT</a>, designed for the hands-on education in electronics, deliberately employing old and new concepts and devices (high-capacity <a href="Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAMs</a>, micro-controllers and <a href="Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a>);</li>

<li>The MEGA65 is a <a href="Commodore_65" title="Commodore 65">Commodore 65</a> compatible computer;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The Commander X16 is an ongoing project by <a href="The_8-Bit_Guy" title="The 8-Bit Guy">David Murray</a> that hopes to build a new 8-bit platform inspired by the <a href="Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, using off the shelf modern parts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The C256 Foenix and its different versions is a new retro computer family based on the WDC65C816. FPGAs are used to simulate CBM custom chips and has the power of an Amiga with its graphic and sound capabilities.</li>

<li>Grant Searle collection of homebrew 8-bit projects.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_retrocomputing">Software retrocomputing</h2></div>

<p>As old computer hardware becomes harder to maintain, there has been increasing interest in computer simulation. This is especially the case with old <a href="Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>, which have largely been scrapped, and have space, power, and environmental requirements unaffordable by the average user. The memory size and speed of current systems enable simulation of many old systems to run faster than that system on original hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-Trimble_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trimble-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burnet_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnet-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One popular simulator, the history simulator <a href="SIMH" title="SIMH">SIMH</a>, offers simulations for over 50 historic systems, from the 1950s through the present. The <a href="Hercules_(emulator)" title="Hercules (emulator)">Hercules</a> emulator simulates the IBM System/360 family from <a href="System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a> to 64-bit <a href="IBM_Z" title="IBM Z">System/z</a>. A simulator is available for the <a href="Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> <a href="Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> system. An online simulator is available for the <a href="Altair_8800" title="Altair 8800">Altair_8800</a> and it runs the actual <a href="Altair_BASIC" title="Altair BASIC">Altair_BASIC</a>

</p><p>Software for older systems was not <a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a>, and was <a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>, so there is a wide variety of available software to run on these simulators.

</p><p>Some emulations are used by businesses, as running production software in a simulator is usually faster, cheaper, and more reliable than running it on original hardware.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

<p>In an interview with <a href="Conan_O'Brien" title="Conan O'Brien">Conan O'Brien</a> in May 2014, <a href="George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> revealed that he writes his books using <a href="WordStar" title="WordStar">WordStar 4.0</a>, an <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> application dating back to 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-got_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-got-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>US-based streaming video provider <a href="Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> released a multiple-choice movie branded to be part of their <a href="Black_Mirror" title="Black Mirror">Black Mirror</a> series, called <i><a href="Black_Mirror%3A_Bandersnatch" title="Black Mirror: Bandersnatch">Bandersnatch</a></i>. The protagonist is a teenage programmer working on a contract to deliver a video-game adaptation of a fantasy novel for an 8-bit computer in 1984. The multiple storylines revolve around the emotions and mental health issues resulting from a reality-perception mismatch between a new generation of computer-savvy teenagers and twenty-somethings, and their care givers.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

<p>Due to their low complexity together with other technical advantages, 8-bit computers are frequently re-discovered for education, especially for introductory programming classes in <a href="Primary_school" title="Primary school">elementary schools</a>. <a href="8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit computers</a> turn on and directly present a programming environment; there are no distractions, and no need for other features or additional connectivity. The <a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> language is a simple-to-learn programming language that has access to the entire system without having to load libraries for sound, graphics, math, etc. The focus of the programming language is on efficiency; in particular, one command does one thing immediately (e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-basic mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="kr">COLOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="il">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="il">6</span></code> turns the screen green).

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<ul><li><a href="History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="Vintage_Computer_Festival" title="Vintage Computer Festival">Vintage Computer Festival</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_Conservation_Society" title="Computer Conservation Society">Computer Conservation Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Living_Computers%3A_Museum_%2B_Labs" title="Living Computers: Museum + Labs">Living Computers: Museum + Labs</a></li>

<li><a href="Retro_gaming" title="Retro gaming">Retro gaming</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Burnet-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burnet_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurnetSupnik1996" class="citation journal cs1">Burnet, Maxwell M.; Supnik, Robert M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simh.trailing-edge.com/docs/dtjn02pf.pdf">"Preserving Computing's Past: Restoration and Simulation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Digital Technical Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>38.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-got-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-got_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLily_Hay_Newman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lily Hay Newman (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2014/05/14/george_r_r_martin_writes_on_dos_based_wordstar_4_0_software_from_the_1980s.html">"George R.R. Martin Writes on a DOS-Based Word Processor From the 1980s"</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retrocomputermuseum.co.uk/">Retro Computer Museum</a>, a computer museum in Leicestershire, UK with regular "come and play" open days</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/retro/">Retrocomputing Museum</a> for re-implementations of old <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retromagazine.eu">RETRO</a> – German paper mag about digital culture</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/">The Centre for Computing History</a> The Centre for Computing History – UK Computer Museum</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingcomputermuseum.org/Online-Systems/Request-a-Login.aspx/">Living Computer Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024124336/http://www.livingcomputermuseum.org/Online-Systems/Request-a-Login.aspx/">Archived</a> 2016-10-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Request a Login from the LCM to interact with vintage computers over the internet.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/">bitsavers</a> Software and PDF Document archive about older computers</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.preterhuman.net/Vintage_Computing_Resources">Vintage Computing Resources</a> Active resources for retrocomputing hobbyists</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/young-coder/learning-to-code-in-a-retro-programming-environment-fb5c5982ca54">Learning to code in a “retro” programming environment</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apress.com/gp/book/9781484241455">Beginning Programming Using Retro Computing</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loadzx.com">LOAD ZX Spectrum</a> Museum, a retro computing museum in Portugal mostly focused on the Sinclair line of computers</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s2js.com/altair/?basic">Online MITS Altair</a> simulated hardware running authentic Altair BASIC</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-12" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Retrocomputing&oldid=1300125698">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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